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. See also: List of airports in Texas, An oil well Using newly captured French ports the German Navy enjoyed success against an over-extended Royal Navy using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic the British Home Fleet scored a significant victory on 27 May 1941 by sinking the German battleship Bismarck! William P Hobby Airport (HOU) known as Houston International Airport until 1967 operates primarily short- to medium-haul domestic and international flights to 60 destinations the four-runway 1,304-acre (528-hectare) facility is located approximately 7 miles (11 km) southeast of Downtown Houston in 2015 Southwest Airlines launched service from a new international terminal at Hobby to several destinations in Mexico Central America and the Caribbean These were the first international flights flown from Hobby since the opening of Bush Intercontinental in 1969. Houston's aviation history is showcased in the 1940 Air Terminal Museum located in the old terminal building on the west side of the airport in 2009 Hobby Airport was recognized with two awards for being one of the top five performing airports globally and for customer service by Airports Council International, Historically the East Texas economy has been led by lumber cotton cattle and oil Prior to the discovery of the East Texas Oil Field cotton lumber and cattle were the predominant source of economic gains and stability Needs of local farmers contributed greatly to the establishment of local towns and trading posts As with many parts of the nation the chosen paths of railroads often determined the continuation of many towns At the beginning of the 20th century the oil fields were discovered and oil became accessible which changed the future of the region. .

William P Hobby born in Moscow Polk County, Intensified migration to Texas after statehood raised the population to about 150,000 Societies such as the Texas Emigration and Land Company now pledged to settle colonists who would agree to constitute a militia for defense against the Indians; in return they would receive a grant of 320 acres of choice land Most of the newcomers continued to migrate from the states of the lower South; slavery was granted legal protection by the Texas constitution of 1845 the Texas population by 1860 was quite diverse with large elements of European whites (from the American South) African Americans (mostly slaves brought from the east) Tejanos (Hispanics with Spanish heritage) and about 20,000 recent German immigrants, Mexican authorities blamed the loss of Texas on United States intervention. Although the United States remained officially neutral 40 percent of the men who enlisted in the Texian army from October 1 through April 21 arrived from the United States after hostilities began. More than 200 of the volunteers were members of the United States Army; none were punished when they returned to their posts. American individuals also provided supplies and money to the cause of Texian independence. For the next decade Mexican politicians frequently denounced the United States for the involvement of its citizens. 1960 938,219 57.4% East Texans also enjoy collegiate athletic competition Most residents support collegiate teams located in other regions of the state; the Texas A&M Aggies Texas Longhorns Texas Tech Red Raiders Baylor Bears TCU Horned Frogs etc Due to proximity to neighboring states East Texas has a substantial number of fans of the LSU Tigers Arkansas Razorbacks Oklahoma State Cowboys and Oklahoma Sooners the Battle of the Piney Woods is a fiercely contested sports rivalry between the Bearkats of Sam Houston State University in Huntsville and the Lumberjacks of Stephen F Austin State University in Nacogdoches Both compete in the FCS level of NCAA athletic competition as members of the Southland Conference the Cardinals of Lamar University in Beaumont also compete with Stephen F Austin and Sam Houston State in the Southland Conference. Throughout its history the Astrodome was known as a pitcher's park the power alleys were never shorter than 370 feet (113 m) from the plate; on at least two occasions they were as far as 390 feet (119 m) Over time it gave up fewer home runs than any other park in the National League the Astrodome's reputation as a pitcher's park continued even in the mid-1980s when the fences were moved in closer than the Metrodome which was long reckoned as a hitter's park. 12 Communities Louetta, Economy 1 1800s When Francisco Coronado and the Spaniards first explored the Rio Grande Valley in 1540 in modern New Mexico some of the chieftains complained of new diseases that affected their tribes Cabeza de Vaca reported that in 1528 when the Spanish landed in Texas "half the natives died from a disease of the bowels and blamed us." When the Spanish conquistadors arrived in the Incan empire a large portion of the population had already died in a smallpox epidemic the first epidemic was recorded in 1529 and killed the emperor Huayna Capac the father of Atahualpa Further epidemics of smallpox broke out in 1533 1535 1558 and 1565 as well as typhus in 1546 influenza in 1558 diphtheria in 1614 and measles in 1618.:133, When the United States purchased Louisiana from France in 1803 American authorities insisted the agreement also included Texas the boundary between New Spain and the United States was finally set at the Sabine River in 1819 at what is now the border between Texas and Louisiana. Eager for new land many United States settlers refused to recognize the agreement Several filibusters raised armies to invade the area west of the Sabine River in 1821 the Mexican War of Independence included the Texas territory which became part of Mexico. Due to its low population Mexico made the area part of the state of Coahuila y Tejas; Hewlett-Packard United States offices formerly headquarters of Compaq, Top 10 Non-English languages spoken in Texas, Red Army troops in a counter-offensive on German positions at the Battle of Kursk July 1943. For years Mexican authorities used the reconquering of Texas as an excuse for implementing new taxes and making the army the budgetary priority of the impoverished nation. Only sporadic skirmishes resulted. Larger expeditions were postponed as military funding was consistently diverted to other rebellions out of fear that those regions would ally with Texas and further fragment the country.[Note 17] the northern Mexican states the focus of the Matamoros Expedition briefly launched an independent Republic of the Rio Grande in 1839 the same year the Mexican Congress considered a law to declare it treasonous to speak positively of Texas in June 1843 leaders of the two nations declared an armistice. .