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Soon Houstonians were prompted to put an end to their problems; so they wanted to make a Chamber of Commerce just for the city a bill had been introduced on November 26 1838 in Congress that would establish this entity President Mirabeau B Lamar signed the act into law on January 28 1840 This move could not have come sooner as the city was suffering from financial problems and numerous yellow fever outbreaks including an 1839 outbreak that killed about 12 percent of its population Also on January 14 1839 the capital had been moved to Austin known as Waterloo at the time on April 4 1840 John Carlos hosted a meeting to establish the Houston Chamber of Commerce at the City Exchange building E.S Perkins presided as its first president in addition to Perkins and Carlos the charter members admitted were: Henry R Allen T Francis Brewer Jacob De Cordova J Temple Doswell George Gazley Dewitt C Harris J Hart Charles J Hedenburg Thomas M League Charles Kesler Charles A Morris E Osborne and John W Pitkin Undergrowth and snags had been the greatest obstacle to navigating Buffalo Bayou; yet by 1840 there was an accumulation of sunken ships This was the principle concern of the new Houston Chamber of Commerce the city of Houston and Harris County responded by allocating taxpayer money for bayou clearance and on March 1 1841 the first wreck was pulled out the bayou under this program. . Houston is located 165 miles (266 km) east of Austin 88 miles (142 km) west of the Louisiana border and 250 miles (400 km) south of Dallas the city has a total area of 637.4 square miles (1,651 km2); this comprises over 599.59 square miles (1,552.9 km2) of land and 22.3 square miles (58 km2) covered by water. Most of Houston is located on the gulf coastal plain and its vegetation is classified as Western Gulf coastal grasslands while further north it transitions into a subtropical jungle the Big Thicket Much of the city was built on forested land marshes swamp and are all still visible in surrounding areas.[citation needed] Flat terrain and extensive greenfield development have combined to worsen flooding. Downtown stands about 50 feet (15 m) above sea level and the highest point in far northwest Houston is about 150 feet (46 m) in elevation the city once relied on groundwater for its needs but land subsidence forced the city to turn to ground-level water sources such as Lake Houston Lake Conroe and Lake Livingston the city owns surface water rights for 1.20 billion gallons of water a day in addition to 150 million gallons a day of groundwater, Bridgeland Italian defeats prompted Germany to deploy an expeditionary force to North Africa and at the end of March 1941 Rommel's Afrika Korps launched an offensive which drove back the Commonwealth forces in under a month Axis forces advanced to western Egypt and besieged the port of Tobruk; 7.3 Public libraries Whites (Non-Hispanic) 25.6% 30.8% 40.6% 62.4% Houston is located 165 miles (266 km) east of Austin 112 miles (180 km) west of the Louisiana border and 250 miles (400 km) south of Dallas.