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; 131 Alma Allen Democratic 2004 far Southwest Houston and far South Side 2.2 Museum District Although Christopher Columbus was credited with the discovery of the Americas by Europeans the ships in his four voyages never reached the Gulf of Mexico Instead Columbus sailed into the Caribbean around Cuba and Hispaniola the first European exploration of the Gulf of Mexico was by Amerigo Vespucci in 1497 He followed the coastal land mass of Central America before returning to the Atlantic Ocean via the Straits of Florida between Florida and Cuba in his letters Vespucci described this trip and once Juan de la Cosa returned to Spain a famous world map depicting Cuba as an island was produced. When Mexican authorities received word of Santa Anna's defeat at San Jacinto flags across the country were lowered to half staff and draped in mourning. Denouncing any agreements signed by Santa Anna a prisoner of war the Mexican authorities refused to recognize the Republic of Texas. Filisola was derided for leading the retreat and quickly replaced by Urrea Within months Urrea gathered 6,000 troops in Matamoros poised to reconquer Texas However the renewed Mexican invasion of Texas never materialized as Urrea's army was redirected to address continued federalist rebellions in other state regions in Mexico. 9.1 Police services Soldiers of the Polish Army during the defence of Poland September 1939 Exploiting poor American naval command decisions the German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast by November 1941 Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive Operation Crusader in North Africa and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made in North Africa the Germans launched an offensive in January pushing the British back to positions at the Gazala Line by early February followed by a temporary lull in combat which Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives. Concerns the Japanese might use bases in Vichy-held Madagascar caused the British to invade the island in early May 1942 an Axis offensive in Libya forced an Allied retreat deep inside Egypt until Axis forces were stopped at El Alamein on the Continent raids of Allied commandos on strategic targets culminating in the disastrous Dieppe Raid demonstrated the Western Allies' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation equipment and operational security.[page needed].

. Johnson Space Center 1989 The Laura the first steamship ever to visit Houston arrived in January 1837 on January 1 1837 the town comprised twelve residents and one log cabin; four months later there were 1,500 people and 100 houses the city was granted incorporation by the state legislature on June 5 1837 and was made as the temporary capital of Texas at this time drunkenness dueling brawling prostitution and profanity began to become a problem in early Houston. ! ; . Houston has four major bayous passing through the city: Buffalo Bayou which runs into downtown and the Houston Ship Channel; and three of its tributaries: Brays Bayou which runs along the Texas Medical Center; White Oak Bayou which runs through the Heights and near the northwest area; and Sims Bayou which runs through the south of Houston and downtown Houston the ship channel goes past Galveston and into the Gulf of Mexico. . Texas's large population abundance of natural resources thriving cities and leading centers of higher education have contributed to a large and diverse economy Since oil was discovered the state's economy has reflected the state of the petroleum industry in recent times urban centers of the state have increased in size containing two-thirds of the population in 2005 the state's economic growth has led to urban sprawl and its associated symptoms, In 1697 Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville sailed for France and was chosen by the Minister of Marine to lead an expedition to rediscover the mouth of the Mississippi River and to colonize Louisiana which the English coveted Iberville's fleet sailed from Brest on October 24 1698 on January 25 1699 Iberville reached Santa Rosa Island in front of Pensacola founded by the Spanish; he sailed from there to Mobile Bay and explored Massacre Island later renamed Dauphin Island He cast anchor between Cat Island and Ship Island; and on February 13 1699 he went to the mainland Biloxi with his brother Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville on May 1 1699 he completed a fort on the north-east side of the Bay of Biloxi a little to the rear of what is now Ocean Springs Mississippi This fort was known as Fort Maurepas or Old Biloxi a few days later on May 4 Pierre Le Moyne sailed for France leaving his teenage brother Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne as second in command to the French commandant.