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. . Main article: Climate of Texas. 4.3 Encroachment 9 Secrecy and disinformation San Antonio The 2003 Texas redistricting of Congressional districts led by Republican Tom DeLay was called by the New York Times "an extreme case of partisan gerrymandering" a group of Democratic legislators the "Texas Eleven" fled the state in a quorum-busting effort to prevent the legislature from acting but was unsuccessful the state had already redistricted following the 2000 census Despite these efforts the legislature passed a map heavily in favor of Republicans based on 2000 data and ignoring the estimated nearly one million new residents in the state since that date Career attorneys and analysts at the Department of Justice objected to the plan as diluting the votes of African American and Hispanic voters but political appointees overrode them and approved it. Legal challenges to the redistricting reached the national Supreme Court in the case League of United Latin American Citizens v Perry (2006) but the court ruled in favor of the state (and Republicans), At the end of September 1940 the Tripartite Pact formally united Japan Italy and Germany as the Axis Powers the Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country with the exception of the Soviet Union which attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three the Axis expanded in November 1940 when Hungary Slovakia and Romania joined. Romania and Hungary would make major contributions to the Axis war against the Soviet Union in Romania's case partially to recapture territory ceded to the Soviet Union. ! Worldwide-acclaimed pianist Van Cliburn a native of nearby Shreveport Louisiana was raised in Kilgore Kilgore College houses the Van Cliburn Auditorium on its home campus. The late 1970s saw a population boom thanks to the Arab Oil Embargo People from the Rust Belt states moved into Houston at a rate of over 1,000 a week mostly from Michigan and are still moving to Houston to this day. The University of Texas at San Antonio, Texas Southern University located in the Third Ward is the first public institution of higher education in Houston and the largest HBCU in Texas.

In January 1790 the Comanche also helped the Spanish fight a large battle against the Mescalero and Lipan Apaches at Soledad Creek west of San Antonio the Apaches were resoundingly defeated and the majority of the raids stopped. By the end of the 18th century only a small number of the remaining hunting and gathering tribes within Texas had not been Christianized in 1793 mission San Antonio de Valero was secularized and the following year the four remaining missions at San Antonio were partially secularized. ! In the 18th century there appears to have been some sort of war in the western part of the state whereas most of the tribes of Texas divided along a line the Coahuiltecans at some point would have migrated south to merge with their sister tribes in the 18th century the Creek Confederacy formed on the east coast forcing several smaller Muskogean peoples out of the state They may have migrated to Texas & Mexico where they were absorbed into other tribes the Choctaw also split and one of their four subtribes the Houma came to reside in the eastern region the state before returning to Louisiana. . In 1945 the M.D Anderson Foundation formed the Texas Medical Center After the war Houston's economy reverted to being primarily port-driven in 1948 the city annexed several unincorporated areas more than doubling its size Houston proper began to spread across the region. . ! .