Part of a series on the Navigation 5.3 South America These forces were capable of quickly moving long distances allowing a quick return home after battle Wars were mainly between clans expelling intruders on land these wars combined some European methods with techniques from Muslim bandits in Al-Andalus These tactics consisted of small groups who attempted to catch their opponents by surprise through an ambush. Nassau Bay 5 Environmental issues Texas descended into anarchy for two months between the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia and the assumption of authority by Union General Gordon Granger Violence marked the early months of Reconstruction. Juneteenth commemorates the announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation in Galveston by General Gordon Granger almost two and a half years after the original announcement. President Johnson in 1866 declared the civilian government restored in Texas. Despite not meeting reconstruction requirements Congress resumed allowing elected Texas representatives into the federal government in 1870 Social volatility continued as the state struggled with agricultural depression and labor issues. The great majority of slaves in Texas came with their owners from the older slave states Sizable numbers however came through the domestic slave trade New Orleans was the center of this trade in the Deep South but slave dealers were in Houston Thousands of enslaved blacks lived near the city before the American Civil War Many of them near the city worked on sugar and cotton plantations while most of those in the city limits had domestic and artisan jobs. ; Health care and biomedical Spring ISD The University of Houston System's annual impact on the Houston-area's economy equates to that of a major corporation: $1.1 billion in new funds attracted annually to the Houston area $3.13 billion in total economic benefit and 24,000 local jobs generated. This is in addition to the 12,500 new graduates the UH System produces every year who enter the workforce in Houston and throughout Texas These degree-holders tend to stay in Houston After five years 80.5% of graduates are still living and working in the region. At the 2000 Census the racial makeup of the city in was 49.3% White 25.3% Black or African American 5.3% Asian 0.7% American Indian 0.1% Pacific Islander 16.5% from some other race and 3.1% from two or more races in addition Hispanics made up 37.4% of Houston's population in 2000 while non-Hispanic whites made up 30.8% the proportion of non-Hispanic whites in Houston has decreased significantly since 1970 when it was 62.4%.
In 1901 the Democratic-dominated state legislature passed a bill requiring payment of a poll tax for voting which effectively disenfranchised most blacks and many poor whites and Latinos in addition the legislature established white primaries ensuring minorities were excluded from the formal political process the number of voters dropped dramatically and the Democrats crushed competition from the Republican and Populist parties the Socialist Party became the second-largest party in Texas after 1912 coinciding with a large socialist upsurge in the United States during fierce battles in the labor movement and the popularity of national heroes like Eugene V Debs the Socialists' popularity soon waned after their vilification by the United States government for their opposition to US involvement in World War I. Harris County along with other Texas counties has one of the nation's highest property tax rates in 2007 the county was ranked in the top 25 at 22nd in the nation for property taxes as percentage of the homes value on owner-occupied housing the list only includes counties with a population over 65,000 for comparability, Obesity has quickly become a major health issue in Texas in 2017 33.6% of Texas adults were obese as compared to 29.9% of U.S adults in 2000 21.7% of adults were obese and in 1990 only 10.7% of adults were obese in 2016 33% of 10-17 year olds in Texas were obese. When separated out by gender 34.6% of Texas females and 32.8% of Texas males were obese. When separated out by race 31% of White adults 41.7% of Black adults and 37.8% of Hispanic adults were obese in Texas in 2016. Research shows that an increase in household income is correlated with a decrease in obesity rates in 2014 Comptroller Susan Combs found that there are educational achievement patterns as well - 39% of the Texas population with less than a high school education was obese while only 23% of college graduates were obese. Living in a rural area in Texas is also correlated with higher obesity rates. . . Main article: Education in Houston Early Portuguese period In 1940 Houston was a city of 400,000 population dependent on shipping and oil the war dramatically expanded the city's economic base thanks to massive federal spending Energetic entrepreneurs most notably George Brown James Elkins and James Abercrombie landed hundreds of millions of dollars in federal wartime investment in technologically complex facilities Houston oil companies moved from being mere refiners and became sophisticated producers of petrochemicals Especially important were synthetic rubber and high octane fuel which retained their importance after the war the war moved the natural gas industry from a minor factor to a major energy source; Houston became a major hub when a local firm purchased the federally-financed Inch pipelines Other major growth industries included steel munitions and shipbuilding Tens of thousands of new migrants streamed in from rural areas straining the city's housing supply and the city's ability to provide local transit and schools For the first time high paying jobs went to large numbers of women blacks and Mexican Americans the city's African American community emboldened by their newfound prosperity became a hotbed of civil rights agitation; the Smith v Allwright Supreme Court decision on voting rights was backed and funded by local blacks in this period.[page needed].
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