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. 3.3 Other famous and notable East Texans, The first major skyscraper to be constructed in Houston was the 50-floor 714-foot (218 m) tall One Shell Plaza in 1971 a succession of skyscrapers were built throughout the 1970s culminating with Houston's tallest the 75-floor 1,002-foot (305 m) tall JPMorgan Chase Tower (formerly the Texas Commerce Tower) designed by I M Pei and completed in 1982 As of 2010 it is the tallest man-made structure in Texas the twelfth-tallest building in the United States and the forty-eighth-tallest skyscraper in the world! .

In 1860 most Houstonians supported John C Breckinridge an independent Democratic candidate for president However he lost the election to Abraham Lincoln As the Civil War began there was tension between supporters of the Confederacy and the few Union sympathizers the Chamber of Commerce kept the city together during the conflict Galveston was blockaded on October 4 1862 which in turn soured Houston's economy on January 1 1863 John B Magruder's Confederate forces recaptured the city However the war was won by the Union forces in 1865 Texas was governed under a military command during Reconstruction but Federal forces could not control the anarchy and lawlessness that broke out after the war Civilians settled old grudges and several counties were essentially without civilian government! Frustrated at the lack of progress and feeling the pinch of the American-British-Dutch sanctions Japan prepared for war on 20 November a new government under Hideki Tojo presented an interim proposal as its final offer it called for the end of American aid to China and for lifting the embargo on the supply of oil and other resources to Japan in exchange Japan promised not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia and to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina the American counter-proposal of 26 November required that Japan evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with all Pacific powers. That meant Japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in China or seizing the natural resources it needed in the Dutch East Indies by force; the Japanese military did not consider the former an option and many officers considered the oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war, Colleges and universities 6 Speech patterns In addition Houston has the Houston Public Library a city-controlled public library system. During the 20th century national historiographical trends influenced the scholarship on the Civil War in Texas Beginning in the 1950s historians focused on military campaigns in Texas and other areas of the Southwest a region previously neglected Since the 1970s scholars have shifted their attention to South Texas exploring how its relations with Mexico and Mexican Americans affected both Confederate and Union Civil War military operations Also since the 1970s the "New Social History" has stimulated research in war-related social economic and political changes This historiographical trend is related to a growing interest in local and regional history, Louetta On November 13 delegates voted to create a regular army and named Sam Houston its commander-in-chief in an effort to attract volunteers from the United States soldiers would be granted land bounties This provision was significant as all public land was owned by the state or the federal government indicating that the delegates expected Texas to eventually declare independence. Houston was given no authority over the volunteer army led by Austin which predated the Consultation. Houston was also appointed to the Select Committee on Indian Affairs Three men including Austin were asked to go to the United States to gather money volunteers and supplies the delegates elected Henry Smith as governor on November 14 the Consultation adjourned leaving Smith and the Council in charge. Barbara Jordan was elected to the US House of Representatives by Houston residents on November 8 1966, Constable Precinct 1 Alan Rosen Democratic Marker in Downtown Houston commemorating the foundation of Houston by the Allen Brothers. Henry Arthur McArdle's 1895 painting the Battle of San Jacinto, Main article: Geology of Texas 4 Notable events Incorporated cities operate their own police departments. .