The new state grew rapidly as migrants poured into the fertile cotton lands of east Texas. With their investments in cotton lands and slaves Texas planters established cotton plantations in the eastern districts the central area of the state was developed more by subsistence farmers who seldom owned slaves. Due to the industrial infrastructure in and around Houston natural disasters like Hurricane Harvey have also led to numerous toxic spills and disasters including the 2017 Arkema plant explosion Soldiers of the Polish Army during the defence of Poland September 1939; . ; . Locations in Houston are generally classified as either being inside or outside Interstate 610 known as the "610 Loop" or simply "The Loop" Inside the loop generally encompasses the central business district and has come to define an urban lifestyle and state of mind Elizabeth Long the author of the 2003 book Book Clubs: Women and the Uses of Reading in Everyday Life wrote that most of the upper middle classes in the 610 Loop live in the southwestern part of the inner city in the areas near Hermann Park the Houston Museum District Rice University and the Texas Medical Center while some portions of northern Houston and Eastern Houston have been gentrified and also have upper middle classes. . (-10) Texas Medical Center became operational in the 1950s the Galveston Freeway and the International Terminal at Houston International Airport (nowadays Hobby Airport) were signs of increasing wealth in the area Millions of dollars were spent replacing aging infrastructure in 1951 the Texas Children's Hospital and the Shriner's Hospital were built Existing hospitals had expansions being completed July 1 1952 was the date of Houston's first network television Later on that same year the University of Houston celebrated its 25th anniversary Another problem Houston had back in the 1950s was the fact that it needed a new water supply They at first relied on ground water but that caused land subsidence They had proposals in the Texas Congress to use the Trinity river Hattie Mae White was elected to the school board in 1959 She was the first African-American to be elected in a major position in Houston in the 20th Century Starting in 1950 Japanese-Americans as a whole were leaving horticulture and going into business in larger cities such as Houston.
Montgomery (north) 4 Notable events, 4.2 Colonization Morris Sheppard born in Morris County, The outlying areas of Houston the airports and the city's suburbs and enclaves are outside the Loop Another ring road Beltway 8 (also known simply as the "Beltway" or as the "Sam Houston Tollway") encircles the city another 5 miles (8 km) farther out Parts of Beltway 8 are toll roads but for most of the route motorists can drive in the adjacent "feeder" or service roads at no charge.[citation needed] Farm to Market Road 1960 (FM 1960) forms a semicircle in northern Houston and is another dividing line the third ring road State Highway 99 (also known as the Grand Parkway) is under construction.[citation needed] Long stated that most of the wealthier Houston suburbs are west and north of the central city while to the southeast the Clear Lake/NASA "[represents] another burgeoning concentration of largely aerospace-related prosperity". . 16 Further reading County government A white flag with a five-pointed-star over the outline of a small cannon with the words Come and Take it below the left corner of the flag has been torn off and sewn back on. (119) 5.38 8 See also 95 ConocoPhilips Two commercial airports George Bush Intercontinental Airport and William P Hobby Airport are located in Houston and in Harris County the Houston Airport System defines Harris County as a part of Bush Intercontinental's service region the city of Houston operates Ellington Field a general aviation and military airport in Harris County. When the Supreme Court ruled in 1923 that white primaries established by political parties were unconstitutional in 1927 the Texas state legislature passed a bill that authorized political parties to establish their internal practices the Democratic Party reinstated the white primary That law survived until 1944 before another Supreme Court case ruled that it was unconstitutional After 1944 the NAACP and other organizations worked to register black voters and participation increased But the major disenfranchisement continued until passage in the mid-1960s of civil rights legislation including the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to provide for federal oversight in areas in which historically minorities did not vote in expected numbers based on population. Three exterior pedestrian ramp towers were demolished on December 8 2013 Around that time the ramp bridges were disconnected from the main structure and the surrounding grass berms were lowered the ticket booths were also removed along with the interior seats the demolition was planned prior to the referendum, Christopher Columbus's first landing in the Americas in 1492. Horace Chilton born near Tyler Smith County, Benito Mussolini inspecting troops during the Italo-Ethiopian War 1935, Houston's plan to host the 2012 Summer Olympics included renovating the Astrodome for use as a main stadium. Houston became one of the USOC's bid finalists but the organization chose New York City as its candidate city and the Games were ultimately awarded to London by the IOC. Harvey (2017) The 1910 county courthouse was renovated in the 1950s to update its systems Some residents such as Martin Dreyer a Houston Chronicle reporter were disturbed by modernization of the building saying its character had been ruined in the 21st century the facility received another major renovation Completed in 2011 the $50 million eight-year project was designed to restore notable historic aspects of the courthouse while providing for contemporary communication and building needs, The coffee companies of Houston formed the Greater Houston Coffee Association in fall 2000 the industry then tried to make Houston a major coffee shipping port Coffee sold through futures contracts may only be shipped to a New York Board of Trade-certified port and Texas's ad valorem tax on warehouse inventories made it impossible for Houston to get such a certification the tax was written into the Constitution of Texas so the Greater Houston Coffee Association asked State Representative Joe E Moreno and State Senator Mario Gallegos to present a constitutional amendment bill to exempt cocoa and coffee stored in Harris County warehouses from the tax Voters approved the amendment in 2001 Since then Houston's role as a coffee port increased After Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans much of the traffic switched to Houston, 3.3 Japanese invasion of China (1937).
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