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. . Further information: List of colleges and universities in Houston, Top 10 Non-English languages spoken in Texas, Ralph Yarborough born in Chandler Henderson County The "Deep" designation comes from the similarity to East Texas (it is similar in culture and topography being highly forested) but with a location "deeper" (i.e farther south and towards the Gulf Coast) than the rest of East Texas. Gregg County (121,730), Throughout the 15th century Portuguese explorers sailed the coast of Africa establishing trading posts for tradable commodities such as firearms spices silver gold and slaves crossing Africa and India in 1434 the first consignment of slaves was brought to Lisbon; slave trading was the most profitable branch of Portuguese commerce until the Indian subcontinent was reached. The surrender of Granada in 1492 the last Moorish sultan of Granada Muhammad XII before Ferdinand and Isabella Administrative divisions In 1901 the Democratic-dominated state legislature passed a bill requiring payment of a poll tax for voting which effectively disenfranchised most blacks and many poor whites and Latinos in addition the legislature established white primaries ensuring minorities were excluded from the formal political process the number of voters dropped dramatically and the Democrats crushed competition from the Republican and Populist parties the Socialist Party became the second-largest party in Texas after 1912 coinciding with a large socialist upsurge in the United States during fierce battles in the labor movement and the popularity of national heroes like Eugene V Debs the Socialists' popularity soon waned after their vilification by the United States government for their opposition to US involvement in World War I. The bicameral Texas Legislature consists of the House of Representatives with 150 members and a Senate with 31 members the Speaker of the House leads the House and the lieutenant governor the Senate the Legislature meets in regular session biennially for just over 100 days but the governor can call for special sessions as often as desired (notably the Legislature cannot call itself into session) the state's fiscal year spans from the previous calendar year's September 1 to the current year's August 31 Thus the FY 2015 dates from September 1 2014 through August 31 2015, As a result of the Obama sweep in 2008 many Democratic candidates in contests for lower-level offices also benefited and many Republican incumbents were replaced by Democrats in the Harris County courthouse Some of the defeated Republican district court judges were later re-appointed to vacant District Court benches by Governor Rick Perry in 2018 Democrats swept the court capturing all 59 seats on the civil criminal family juvenile and probate courts.

1950 596,163 55.0% Houston Texas Business Directory When Mexican authorities received word of Santa Anna's defeat at San Jacinto flags across the country were lowered to half staff and draped in mourning. Denouncing any agreements signed by Santa Anna a prisoner of war the Mexican authorities refused to recognize the Republic of Texas. Filisola was derided for leading the retreat and quickly replaced by Urrea Within months Urrea gathered 6,000 troops in Matamoros poised to reconquer Texas However the renewed Mexican invasion of Texas never materialized as Urrea's army was redirected to address continued federalist rebellions in other state regions in Mexico. The state's conservative white voters began to support Republican presidential candidates by the mid-20th century After this period they supported Republicans for local and state offices as well and most whites became Republican Party members the party also attracted some minorities but many have continued to vote for Democratic candidates the shift to the Republican Party is much-attributed to the fact the Democratic Party became increasingly liberal during the 20th century and thus increasingly out-of-touch with the average Texas voter as Texas was always a conservative state voters switched to the GOP which now more closely reflected their beliefs. Commentators have also attributed the shift to Republican political consultant Karl Rove who managed numerous political campaigns in Texas in the 1980s and 1990s. Other stated reasons included court-ordered redistricting and the demographic shift in relation to the Sun Belt that favored the Republican Party and conservatism. Historically the East Texas economy has been led by lumber cotton cattle and oil Prior to the discovery of the East Texas Oil Field cotton lumber and cattle were the predominant source of economic gains and stability Needs of local farmers contributed greatly to the establishment of local towns and trading posts As with many parts of the nation the chosen paths of railroads often determined the continuation of many towns At the beginning of the 20th century the oil fields were discovered and oil became accessible which changed the future of the region.